NANDA PUTRI AYU LESTARI / 14615974 / 4SA02
1. Clause definition
Clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb.
A clause can be distinguished from a phrase, which does not contain a subject and a verb.
Words and phrases are the parts of language that make up clauses. Clauses are units of grammar that contain at least one predicate (verb) and a subject. A clause, therefore, contains a single verb group.
A clause is different than a phrase.
• A clause is a group of words with a verb and a subject.
• A phrase does not have a verb and subject.
2. Clause Functions
There are two main types of clauses: Independent and Dependent
a) Independent Clauses
An independent clause could be a sentence by itself or could be combined with other clauses.
b) Dependent Clauses
A dependent clause cannot be a sentence by itself. If it was by itself it would be a sentence fragment. It needs to be combined with an independent clause to be a full sentence.
3. Connecting Clauses
a) Connecting Independent Clauses
Connect two independent clauses in several ways:
1) By adding a comma and a conjunction such as:
And - Joe was afraid of bears and he ran quickly when he saw a bear approaching.
But - The boy wanted to go to the movies but he had already spent his allowance.
Or - You can start the fire with charcoal lighter or you can use a charcoal chimney.
Nor - He wasn't interested in going to the party nor was he invited.
Yet - The woman was late for the meeting yet she still stopped to freshen her lipstick.
So - The little girl wanted to please her parents so she did everything they told her to do.
2) By using a semicolon
3) By using a semicolon and a conjunctive verb such as:
However
Moreover
Nevertheless
As a result
Consequently
b) Connecting Dependent Clauses
Typically there are no connector words or punctuation when dependent clauses are combined with independent clauses.
4. Importance of Clauses
By using clauses correctly you can quickly and easily improve the quality of your writing and your ability to communicate with your reader. With a clause you can direct the attention of the reader so that your sentence is understood. You will also avoid incorrectly using dependent clauses as sentence fragments.
a) An independent clause can express a complete thought (and can be a standalone sentence).
b) A dependent clause is usually a supporting part of a sentence, and it cannot stand by itself as a meaningful proposition (idea).
Examples of Independent Clauses
This are some examples of independent clauses :
1. Tara ate a cheese roll after she watched the news.
(Tara ate a cheese roll is an independent clause. It works as a standalone sentence.)
Examples of Dependent Clauses
This are the same examples with the dependent clauses :
2. Tara ate a cheese roll after she watched the news.
(The clause after she watched the news is a dependent clause. It does not work as a standalone sentence.)
These three dependent clauses (or subordinate clauses as they're also called) could have been independent clauses. However, the opening word(s) (in these examples after, Even though, and but) turned them into dependent clauses. The opening words are known as dependent words, the main type of which is subordinating conjunctions.
5. How Are Clauses Used in Sentences?
Clauses can play a variety of roles in sentences. A clause can act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
a) Noun Clauses
I cannot remember what I said last night.
(In this example, the clause acts like a noun.)
Compare the example above to this:
I cannot remember my speech.
(speech = noun)
b) Adjective Clauses
My dog, who usually refuses to go near the water, dived in the canal to chase a water vole.
(In this example, the clause acts like an adjective.)
Compare the example above to this:
My water-shy dog dived in the canal to chase a water vole.
(water-shy = adjective)
If an adjective clause could be removed without wrecking the sentence (i.e., it just adds additional information), then it should be offset with commas. (You could equally use brackets or dashes.) A clause which can be safely removed is called a non-restrictive clause. A restrictive clause, on the other hand, is one which cannot be removed because it's essential to the sentence. Restrictive clauses are not offset with commas. For example:
The man who lives next door is getting ruder.
(This is an example of a restrictive clause. You cannot remove it. There are no commas.)
Councillor Simon Smith, who lives next door, is getting ruder.
(This is an example of a non-restrictive clause. You can remove it. It's just additional information. That's why there are commas around it.)
c) Adverbial Clauses
He lost his double chin after he gave up beer.
(In this example, the clause acts like an adverb.)
Compare the example above to this:
He lost his double chin recently.
(recently = adverb)
An independent clause, also called a simple sentence because it contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. Right, let me list the two similarities between them: Clause and sentence contain a subject and a predicate. Just like a sentence, in some occasion clause can convey a complete thought.
1. A simple sentence usually consist of a single finite clause with a finite verb that is independent.
A simple sentence contains only one clause. Here are some examples of simple sentences that are each comprised of a single clause:
a) Darby played.
b) Jamie cooked the dinner.
c) A man in Cincinnati swam in the river.
d) Sammy will excel on the varsity team.
f) Jennifer has been dreaming during class.
A verb group can consist of a single word (such as played, cooked, and swam) or combine multiple words (as in will excel and has been dreaming). The essential component of a clause is the verb; and a clause only contains one verb or verb group.
More complex sentences can combine multiple clauses or phrases to add additional information about what is described. Clauses may be combined using conjunctions – such as “and”, “but” and “or”.
E.g. “He went out to dinner but didn’t enjoy the meal.”
This example is composed of two independent clauses, “he went out to dinner” and “he didn’t enjoy the meal”, combined with a conjunction- “but”.
1. A simple sentence has only one clause, and one independent variable. The cat is sleeping.
2. A compound sentence has two or more clauses. These clauses are joined together with conjunctions, punctuation, or both. The dog is happy, but the cat is sad.
3. A complex sentence has one clause with a relative clause. The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy.
4. A complex-compound sentence (or compound-complex sentence) has many clauses, at least one of which is a relative clause: The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy, but the cat is sad.
Sentences have different purposes:
1. A declarative sentence, or declaration, is the most common type of sentence. It tells something. It ends with a full stop . (The dog is happy.)
2. An interrogative sentence, or question, asks something. It ends with a question mark ? (Are you happy?)
3. An exclamatory sentence, or exclamation, says something out of the ordinary. It ends with an
exclamation mark ! (That dog is the happiest dog I have ever seen!)
4. An imperative sentence, or command, tells someone to do something. (Give the dog a bone.)
1. A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and it may also have an object and modifiers. However, it contains only one independent clause.
Here are a few examples:
a) She read.
b) She completed her literature review.
c) He organized his sources by theme.
c) They studied APA rules for many hours.
2. A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses. These two independent clauses can be combined with a comma and a coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon.
Here are a few examples:
a) She completed her literature review, and she created her reference list.
b) He organized his sources by theme; then, he updated his reference list.
c) They studied APA rules for many hours, but they realized there was still much to learn.
d) Using some compound sentences in writing allows for more sentence variety.
3. A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Dependent clauses can refer to the subject (who, which) the sequence/time (since, while), or the causal elements (because, if) of the independent clause.
If a sentence begins with a dependent clause, note the comma after this clause. If, on the other hand, the sentence begins with an independent clause, there is not a comma separating the two clauses.
Here are a few examples:
a) Although she completed her literature review, she still needed to work on her methods section.
Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause.
b) Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier for his readers to follow.
Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause.
c) They studied APA rules for many hours as they were so interesting.
Note that there is no comma in this sentence because it begins with an independent clause.
Using some complex sentences in writing allows for more sentence variety.
Sentence types can also be combined. A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Here are a few examples:
a) She completed her literature review, but she still needs to work on her methods section even though she finished her methods course last semester.
b) Although he organized his sources by theme, he decided to arrange them chronologically, and he carefully followed the MEAL plan for organization.
c) With pizza and soda at hand, they studied APA rules for many hours, and they decided that writing in APA made sense because it was clear, concise, and objective.
Using some complex-compound sentences in writing allows for more sentence variety.
Pay close attention to comma usage in complex-compound sentences so that the reader is easily able to follow the intended meaning.
1. Clause definition
Clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb.
A clause can be distinguished from a phrase, which does not contain a subject and a verb.
Words and phrases are the parts of language that make up clauses. Clauses are units of grammar that contain at least one predicate (verb) and a subject. A clause, therefore, contains a single verb group.
A clause is different than a phrase.
• A clause is a group of words with a verb and a subject.
• A phrase does not have a verb and subject.
2. Clause Functions
There are two main types of clauses: Independent and Dependent
a) Independent Clauses
An independent clause could be a sentence by itself or could be combined with other clauses.
b) Dependent Clauses
A dependent clause cannot be a sentence by itself. If it was by itself it would be a sentence fragment. It needs to be combined with an independent clause to be a full sentence.
3. Connecting Clauses
a) Connecting Independent Clauses
Connect two independent clauses in several ways:
1) By adding a comma and a conjunction such as:
And - Joe was afraid of bears and he ran quickly when he saw a bear approaching.
But - The boy wanted to go to the movies but he had already spent his allowance.
Or - You can start the fire with charcoal lighter or you can use a charcoal chimney.
Nor - He wasn't interested in going to the party nor was he invited.
Yet - The woman was late for the meeting yet she still stopped to freshen her lipstick.
So - The little girl wanted to please her parents so she did everything they told her to do.
2) By using a semicolon
3) By using a semicolon and a conjunctive verb such as:
However
Moreover
Nevertheless
As a result
Consequently
b) Connecting Dependent Clauses
Typically there are no connector words or punctuation when dependent clauses are combined with independent clauses.
4. Importance of Clauses
By using clauses correctly you can quickly and easily improve the quality of your writing and your ability to communicate with your reader. With a clause you can direct the attention of the reader so that your sentence is understood. You will also avoid incorrectly using dependent clauses as sentence fragments.
a) An independent clause can express a complete thought (and can be a standalone sentence).
b) A dependent clause is usually a supporting part of a sentence, and it cannot stand by itself as a meaningful proposition (idea).
Examples of Independent Clauses
This are some examples of independent clauses :
1. Tara ate a cheese roll after she watched the news.
(Tara ate a cheese roll is an independent clause. It works as a standalone sentence.)
Examples of Dependent Clauses
This are the same examples with the dependent clauses :
2. Tara ate a cheese roll after she watched the news.
(The clause after she watched the news is a dependent clause. It does not work as a standalone sentence.)
These three dependent clauses (or subordinate clauses as they're also called) could have been independent clauses. However, the opening word(s) (in these examples after, Even though, and but) turned them into dependent clauses. The opening words are known as dependent words, the main type of which is subordinating conjunctions.
5. How Are Clauses Used in Sentences?
Clauses can play a variety of roles in sentences. A clause can act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
a) Noun Clauses
I cannot remember what I said last night.
(In this example, the clause acts like a noun.)
Compare the example above to this:
I cannot remember my speech.
(speech = noun)
b) Adjective Clauses
My dog, who usually refuses to go near the water, dived in the canal to chase a water vole.
(In this example, the clause acts like an adjective.)
Compare the example above to this:
My water-shy dog dived in the canal to chase a water vole.
(water-shy = adjective)
If an adjective clause could be removed without wrecking the sentence (i.e., it just adds additional information), then it should be offset with commas. (You could equally use brackets or dashes.) A clause which can be safely removed is called a non-restrictive clause. A restrictive clause, on the other hand, is one which cannot be removed because it's essential to the sentence. Restrictive clauses are not offset with commas. For example:
The man who lives next door is getting ruder.
(This is an example of a restrictive clause. You cannot remove it. There are no commas.)
Councillor Simon Smith, who lives next door, is getting ruder.
(This is an example of a non-restrictive clause. You can remove it. It's just additional information. That's why there are commas around it.)
c) Adverbial Clauses
He lost his double chin after he gave up beer.
(In this example, the clause acts like an adverb.)
Compare the example above to this:
He lost his double chin recently.
(recently = adverb)
An independent clause, also called a simple sentence because it contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. Right, let me list the two similarities between them: Clause and sentence contain a subject and a predicate. Just like a sentence, in some occasion clause can convey a complete thought.
1. A simple sentence usually consist of a single finite clause with a finite verb that is independent.
A simple sentence contains only one clause. Here are some examples of simple sentences that are each comprised of a single clause:
a) Darby played.
b) Jamie cooked the dinner.
c) A man in Cincinnati swam in the river.
d) Sammy will excel on the varsity team.
f) Jennifer has been dreaming during class.
A verb group can consist of a single word (such as played, cooked, and swam) or combine multiple words (as in will excel and has been dreaming). The essential component of a clause is the verb; and a clause only contains one verb or verb group.
More complex sentences can combine multiple clauses or phrases to add additional information about what is described. Clauses may be combined using conjunctions – such as “and”, “but” and “or”.
E.g. “He went out to dinner but didn’t enjoy the meal.”
This example is composed of two independent clauses, “he went out to dinner” and “he didn’t enjoy the meal”, combined with a conjunction- “but”.
1. A simple sentence has only one clause, and one independent variable. The cat is sleeping.
2. A compound sentence has two or more clauses. These clauses are joined together with conjunctions, punctuation, or both. The dog is happy, but the cat is sad.
3. A complex sentence has one clause with a relative clause. The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy.
4. A complex-compound sentence (or compound-complex sentence) has many clauses, at least one of which is a relative clause: The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy, but the cat is sad.
Sentences have different purposes:
1. A declarative sentence, or declaration, is the most common type of sentence. It tells something. It ends with a full stop . (The dog is happy.)
2. An interrogative sentence, or question, asks something. It ends with a question mark ? (Are you happy?)
3. An exclamatory sentence, or exclamation, says something out of the ordinary. It ends with an
exclamation mark ! (That dog is the happiest dog I have ever seen!)
4. An imperative sentence, or command, tells someone to do something. (Give the dog a bone.)
1. A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and it may also have an object and modifiers. However, it contains only one independent clause.
Here are a few examples:
a) She read.
b) She completed her literature review.
c) He organized his sources by theme.
c) They studied APA rules for many hours.
2. A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses. These two independent clauses can be combined with a comma and a coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon.
Here are a few examples:
a) She completed her literature review, and she created her reference list.
b) He organized his sources by theme; then, he updated his reference list.
c) They studied APA rules for many hours, but they realized there was still much to learn.
d) Using some compound sentences in writing allows for more sentence variety.
3. A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Dependent clauses can refer to the subject (who, which) the sequence/time (since, while), or the causal elements (because, if) of the independent clause.
If a sentence begins with a dependent clause, note the comma after this clause. If, on the other hand, the sentence begins with an independent clause, there is not a comma separating the two clauses.
Here are a few examples:
a) Although she completed her literature review, she still needed to work on her methods section.
Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause.
b) Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier for his readers to follow.
Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause.
c) They studied APA rules for many hours as they were so interesting.
Note that there is no comma in this sentence because it begins with an independent clause.
Using some complex sentences in writing allows for more sentence variety.
Sentence types can also be combined. A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Here are a few examples:
a) She completed her literature review, but she still needs to work on her methods section even though she finished her methods course last semester.
b) Although he organized his sources by theme, he decided to arrange them chronologically, and he carefully followed the MEAL plan for organization.
c) With pizza and soda at hand, they studied APA rules for many hours, and they decided that writing in APA made sense because it was clear, concise, and objective.
Using some complex-compound sentences in writing allows for more sentence variety.
Pay close attention to comma usage in complex-compound sentences so that the reader is easily able to follow the intended meaning.
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