conditional sentences

Nanda Putri Ayu Lestari / 14615974 / 4SA02

Conditional Sentences.

Independent and dependent clauses are the building blocks of sentences. A single independent clause can be a sentence, by itself. However, dependent clauses are used to make sentences more complete and more interesting. Using conjunctions and proper punctuation, dependent and independent clauses can be joined together to create interesting and complex compound sentences that are fun and engaging to read.

An independent clause is a clause that can stand on its own, by itself. It does not need to be joined to any other clauses, because it contains all the information necessary to be a complete sentences.

Independent clauses have three components:

1.     They have a subject - they tell the reader what the sentence is about.

2.     They have an action or predicate - they tell the reader what the subject is doing.

3.     They express a complete thought - something happened or was said.

An independent clause can be as simple as a subject and a verb:

Example : Jim reads.

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Complete conditional sentences contain a conditional clause (often referred to as the if-clause) and the consequence. Consider the following sentences:

Example :

·        If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.

·        I would travel around the world if I won the lottery.

·        When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.

1.     How to Use First Conditional Sentences (type 1)

First conditional sentences are used to express situations in which the outcome is likely (but not guaranteed) to happen in the future.

It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Look at the examples below:

Example :

·        If you rest, you will feel better.

·        If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.

Note: that we use the simple present tense in the if-clause and simple future tense in the main clause—that is, the clause that expresses the likely outcome. This is how we indicate that under a certain condition (as expressed in the if-clause), a specific result will likely happen in the future. Examine some of the common mistakes people make using the first conditional structure:

Example :

Incorrect : If you will rest , you will feel better.

Correct : If you rest , you will feel better.

Explanation: Use the simple present tense in the if-clause.

Incorrect : If you set your mind to a goal, you eventually achieve it.

Correct : If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.

Explanation: Use the zero conditional (i.e., simple present + simple present) only when a certain result is guaranteed. If the result is likely, use the first conditional (i.e., simple present + simple future).

2.     How to Use Second Conditional Sentences (type 2)

Second conditional sentences are useful for expressing outcomes that are completely unrealistic or will not likely happen in the future.

It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Consider the examples below:

Example :

·        If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

·        If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals more.

Notice the correct way to structure second conditional sentences is to use the simple past tense in the if-clause and an auxiliary modal verb (e.g., could, should, would, might) in the main clause (the one that expresses the unrealistic or unlikely outcome). The following sentences illustrate a couple of the common mistakes people make when using the second conditional:

Example :

Incorrect : If I inherit a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

Correct : If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

Explanation: When applying the second conditional, use the simple past tense in the if-clause.

Incorrect : If I owned a zoo, I will let people interact with the animals more.

Correct : If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals more.

Explanation: Use a modal auxiliary verb in the main clause when using the second conditional mood to express the unlikelihood that the result will actually happen.

3.     How to Use Third Conditional Sentences (type 3)

Third conditional sentences are used to explain that present circumstances would be different if something different had happened in the past.

It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Look at the following examples:

Example :

·        If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.

·        If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.

These sentences express a condition that was likely enough, but did not actually happen in the past. The speaker in the first sentence was capable of leaving early, but did not. Along these same lines, the speaker in the second sentence was capable of cleaning the house, but did not. These are all conditions that were likely, but regrettably did not happen.

Note: that when using the third conditional, we use the past perfect (i.e., had + past participle) in the if-clause. The modal auxiliary (would, could, shoud, etc.) + have + past participle in the main clause expresses the theoretical situation that could have happened.

Consider these common mistakes when applying the third conditional:

Example :

Incorrect : If you would have told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.

Correct : If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.

Explanation: With third conditional sentences, do not use a modal auxiliary verb in the if-clause.

Incorrect : If I had cleaned the house, I could go to the movies.

Correct : If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.

Explanation: The third conditional mood expresses a situation that could have only happened in the past if a certain condition had been met. That’s why we use the modal auxiliary verb + have + the past participle.

Exceptions and Special Cases When Using Conditional Sentences

As with most topics in the English language, conditional sentences often present special cases in which unique rules must be applied.

1.     Use of the Simple Future in the If-Clause

Generally speaking, the simple future should be used only in the main clause. One exception is when the action in the if-clause will take place after the action in the main clause. For example, consider the following sentence:

·        If aspirin will ease my headache, I will take a couple tonight.

The action in the if-clause is the aspirin easing the headache, which will take place only after the speaker takes them later that night.

2.     “Were to” in the If-Clause

The verb phrase were to is sometimes used in conditional sentences when the likely or unlikely result is particularly awful or unthinkable. In this case, were to is used to place emphasis on this potential outcome. Consider these sentences:

·        If I were to be sick, I would miss another day of work.

·        If she were to be late again, she would have to have a conference with the manager.

·        If the rent were to have been a penny more, they would not have been able to pay it.

Note:  that the emphatic “were to” can be used to describe hypothetical scenarios in the present, future, and past.

3.     Punctuating Conditional Sentences

Despite the complex nature of conditional sentences, punctuating them properly is really simple!

Here’s the skinny:

Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the main clause.

·        If I’d had time, I would have cleaned the house.

·        If the main clause precedes the if-clause, no punctuation is necessary.

·        I would have cleaned the house if I’d had time.

Rules to used conditional sentences :

1.     It’s important to use the correct structure for each of these different conditional sentences because they express varying meanings.

2.     Pay attention to verb tense when using different conditional modes.

3.     Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the main clause.

The expressions 'I wish' and 'If only' are used in English to express wishes and regrets about things that may happen in the future or may have happened in the past.

When I wish and if only are used, they follow the structure of one of these conditionals, depending on what we want to express. If we talk about a regret about a present or future event, then we will use the structure of the second type of conditional and the expressions I wish/if only are followed by past simple:

Example :

·        I wish I had enough money to travel to New York. 

·        If only I had enough money to travel to New York.

(That is, I don't have enough money, and I am sorry for it because I can't go)

If the event we regret happened (or failed to happen) in the past and is, therefore, impossible to change, then we use the third type of conditional structure. This time the expressions I wish/if only are followed by past perfect.

Example :

·        I wish I had had enough money to travel to New York. 

·        If only I had had enough money to travel to New York.

(That is, I didn't have enough money to travel, so I couldn't go and now I regret it).

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Nanda Putri Ayu Lestari / 4SA02 / 14615974

Active and Passive Voice

Active voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb.

In passive voice sentences, the subject is acted upon by the verb.

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

·         the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

·         the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

·         the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

These sentences are in passive voice. The Passive voice is used in English 

(a) To stress the action done rather than the doer of the action

(b) If the doer is unknown

(c) When it is more convenient.

Rules for changing Active Voice into Passive Voice:

• · Identify the subject, the verb and the object: SVO 
• · Change the object into subject 
• · Put the suitable helping verb or auxiliary verb. In case helping verb is given, use the same. But note that the helping verb given agrees with the object. 
• · Change the verb into past participle of the verb. 
• · Add the preposition "by" 
• · Change the subject into object. 

USING THE AUXILIARY VERB “BE”

The passive voice is formed by using a form of the auxiliary verb “be” (be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been) followed by the past participle of the main verb.

Active = He loves me. We took our children to the circus. A thief stole my money.

Passive = I am loved. The children were taken to the circus. My money was stolen.

Notice how the “be” auxiliaries change the meaning of the verbs from action to condition or from “doing” to “being.”

He remembers his grandmother. (“he” is doing an action: remembering)

His grandmother is remembered. (“she” is in a condition: being remembered)

In this way, the past participle functions very much like an adjective; it describes the subject . The woman is pretty. She is a pretty woman The woman is married. She is a married woman.

VERB TENSES USED IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

The following is a summary of active and passive forms of all verb tenses. Remember that in active forms the subject of the sentence is the person or thing that does the action. In passive constructions, the verb is performed by someone or something other than the subject; often, the action is done to the subject by someone else.

Present Time

• Simple Present

Use the simple present tense to make a generalization, to present a state of being, or to indicate a habitual or repeated action.

Active = base form or “-s/-es” form.

Passive = am/is/are + past participle

Active = Professor Brown teaches at Hunter.

 All humans are equal.

 Maria eats in the cafeteria.

Passive = Sonia is taught by Professor Brown.

   All humans are created equal.

    The cafeteria is cleaned.

• Present Progressive

Use the present progressive to describe an ongoing activity or a temporary action.

Active = am/is/are + -ing

Passive = am/is/are + being + -ed/-en

Active = The students are learning Spanish. .

  I am working at McDonald’s until I finish school.

Passive = Classes are being conducted in Spanish.

    He is being hired to work at McDonald’s

·  Present Perfect

Use the present perfect to describe an action occurring in the past but relevant to the present, or extending to the present.

Active = has/have + -ed/-en

Hunter has opened a language institute in East Harlem.

Passive = has/have + been + -ed/-en

The language institute has been opened to relocate students off the main campus.

• Present Perfect Progressive

Use the present perfect progressive to describe an ongoing action beginning before now and is still relevant to the present.

Active = has/have + been + -ing

Hunter has been awarding BA and MA diplomas for over one hundred years.

Passive = has/have + been + being + -ed/-en

Note: Because of awkward construction, the perfect progressive form is not used in the passive voice. Instead, an adverb may be used to show continuing action: “We have been repeatedly scolded for being late.”

Past Time

• Simple Past

Use the simple past to indicate a general or habitual action occurring in the past or at a specific time in the past.

Active = base + -ed or irregular form

Our family bought all our clothes at Sears when I was young.

Passive = was/were + -ed/-en

The clothes were bought by my mother

In informal conversation, speakers of English often express habitual behavior in the past using the modal “would.”

Active = would + base

We would usually eat burgers in the food court.

Passive = would + be + -ed/-en

Most of the french fries would be eaten before we got to the table.

• Past Progressive

Use the past progressive to indicate an ongoing action in the past or an action continuing through a specific past time.

Active = was/were + -ing

Mary and Paul were dating in those days.

Passive = was/were + being + -ed/-en

One afternoon, Mary was being kissed by Paul when her mother passed by.

• Past Perfect

Use the past perfect to indicate an action completed prior to a particular time or before another action in the past.

Active = had + -ed/-en

Completed: Mary's mother was shocked because she had forbidden her daughter to date.

Passive = had + been + -ed/-en

Mary had been kissed many times before that day.

• Past Perfect Progressive

Use the past perfect progressive to indicate a continuing action that began before a past action or time.

Active = had + been + -ing

Mary had been trying to tell her mother about Paul for a long time.

Passive = had + been + being + -ed/-en

Future Time

• Simple Future

Use the future to indicate an action that is expected to take place at a future time.

Active = will + base

Paul and Mary will marry in June.

Passive = will + be + -ed/-en

They will be married by a priest and a rabbi.

Active = or am/is/are going to + base

Mary is going to wear her grandmother's gown

Passive = or am/is/are + going to be + -ed/-en.

The gown is going to be adjusted to fit Mary.

• Future Progressive

Use the future progressive to indicate an action in future with emphasis on continuing action.

Active = will + base + -ing

Mary and Paul will be spending lots of time on the beach.

Passive = will + be + being + -ed/en

Note: Not used in the passive voice.

• Future Perfect

Use the future perfect to indicate a future action expected to be completed before another future action or time.

Active = will + have + -ed/-en

By their wedding date, they will have saved enough money to buy a house.

Passive = will + have + been + -ed/en

Note: Not used in the passive voice.

• Future Perfect Progressive

Use the future perfect progressive to indicate an action projected to have been going on for a while before a time in the future.

Active = will + have + been + -ing

When they celebrate their first anniversary, they will have been living together for a full year

Passive = will + have + been + being + -ed/-en

Note: Not used in the passive voice.

REPORTED SPEECH

NANDA PUTRI AYU LESTARI (14615974) / 4SA02

Definition of Indirect Speech

Indirect speech is also known as Reported Speech, Indirect Narration or Indirect Discourse. In grammar, when you report someone else’s statement in your own words without any change in the meaning of the statement is called indirect speech. Quoting a person’s words without using his own word and bringing about any change in the meaning of the statement is a reported speech. Look at the following sentences:

Direct Speech: She says, “I am a little bit nervous.”

Indirect Speech: She says that she is a little bit nervous.

In the first sentence, the reporter conveys the message of the girl using her actual words i.e.,

“I am a little bit nervous.” In the second sentence, the reporter conveys her message but in his own words without any change in the meaning. Thus, both direct and indirect speeches are two different ways of reporting a statement of person. In simple words, quoting a person using your own words is called an indirect speech.

Key Terminology

During the process, you will come across many important terms that you need to know better so that to convert any direct speech into indirect speech easily and without any hassle. Consider the following sentences:

Direct Speech: She says, “I am a little bit nervous.”

Indirect Speech: She says that she is a little bit nervous.

Reporting Speech:

The first part in the direct speech is called REPORTING SPEECH.

Reported Speech:

The second part of the sentence, which is closed in inverted commas, is called REPORTED SPEECH.

Reporting Verb:

Verb of the reporting speech is called REPORTING VERB.

Reported Verb:

Verb of the reported speech is called REPORTED VERB.

Basic Rules

Before proceeding ahead, it is mandatory to memorize these rules:

Changes in Person of Pronouns:

·         1^st Person Pronouns in Reported Speech are always changed according to the SUBJECT of the Reporting Speech.

·         2^nd Person Pronouns in Reported Speech are always changed according to the OBJECT of the Reporting Speech.

·         3^rd Person Pronouns in Reported Speech are not changed.

Changes in Verbs:

·         In case, the Reporting Speech is in PRESENT TENSE or FUTURE TENSE, then no change is required to be made in the VERB of Reported Speech. This verb could be in any tense i.e., Present, Past or Future. For example:

Direct Speech: He says, “I am ill.”

Indirect Speech: He says that he is ill.

Direct Speech: She says, “She sang a song.”

Indirect Speech: She says that she sang a song.

Direct Speech: You say, “I shall visit London.”

Indirect Speech: You say that you will visit London.

·         If Reporting Verb is in Past Tense, then Reported Verb will be changed as per following criterion:

·         Present Indefinite Tense is changed into Past Indefinite Tense. For example:

Direct Speech: They said, “They take exercise every day.”

Indirect Speech: They said that they took exercise every day.

·         Present Continuous is changed into Past Continuous Tense.

Direct Speech: They said, “They are taking exercise every day.”

Indirect Speech: They said that they were taking exercise every day.

·         Present Perfect is changed into Past Perfect Tense.

Direct Speech: They said, “They have taken exercise.”

Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.

·         Present Perfect Continuous Tense is changed into Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

Direct Speech: They said, “They have been taking exercise since morning.”

Indirect Speech: They said that they had been taking exercise since morning.

·         Past Indefinite is changed into Past Perfect Tense.

Direct Speech: They said, “They took exercise.”

Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.

·         Past Continuous Tense is changed into Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

Direct Speech: They said, “They were taking exercise.”

Indirect Speech: They said that they had been taking exercise.

No changes are required to be made into Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Tenses.

Direct Speech: They said, “They had taken exercise.”

Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.

·         In Future Tense, while no changes are made except SHALL and WILL are changed into WOULD.

Direct Speech: They said, “They will take exercise.”

Indirect Speech: They said that they would take exercise.

Important Words Changes

Words	Changed Into	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
This	That	He says, “He wants to buy this book.”	He says that he wants to buy that book.
These	Those	He says, “He wants to buy these books.”	He says that he wants to buy those books.
Here	There	She says, “Everybody was here.”	She says that everybody was there.
Now	Then	They say, “It’s ten o’clock now.”	They say that it’s ten o’clock then.
Sir	Respectfully	They said, “Sir, the time is over.”	They said respectfully that the time was over.
Madam	Respecfully	They said, "Madam, the time is over."	They said respectfully that the time was over.
Today	That Day	She said, “I am going to London today.”	She said that she was going to London that day.
Yesterday	The Previous Day	She said, “I visited Oxford University yesterday.”	She said that she had visited Oxford University the previous day.
Tomorrow	Following Day or Next Day	She said, “I am going to London tomorrow.”	She said that she was going to London the next day.
Tonight	That Night	She said, “I am going to see him tonight.”	She said that she was going to see him that night.
Good Morning, Good Evening, Good Day	Greeted	She said, “Good morning, Sir David.”	She greeted Sir David.

The above-mentioned rules are mandatory for converting a Direct Speech into an Indirect Speech. Hence, they should be memorized thoroughly. The following examples cover all the afore-mentioned rules. So, focus on every sentence to know how the above-mentioned rules have been used here.

 

Examples of Indirect Speech

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
She says, “I eat an apple a day.”	She says that she eats an apple a day.
He will say, “My brother will help her.”	He will say that his brother will help her.
We said, “We go for a walk every day.”	We said that went for a walk every day.
You say, “I went to London yesterday.”	You say that you went to London the previous day.
He said, “My father is playing cricket with me.”	He said that his father was playing cricket with him.
They said, “We have completed our homework.”	They said that they had completed their homework.
She said, “I have been waiting for him since last morning.”	She said that she had been waiting for him since last morning.
She said, “I bought a book.”	She said that she had bought a book.
They said, “We were celebrating Eid yesterday.”	They said that they had been celebrating Eid the previous day.
We said, “We had been waiting since morning.”	We said that we had been waiting since morning.
He said to me, “I will not give you any medicine without prescription.”	He said to me that he would not give me any medicine without prescription.
Rafiq said, “I shall leave for London tomorrow.”	Rafiq said that he would leave for London the next day.
She said, “I shall be visiting my college tomorrow.”	She said that she would be visiting her college the following day.
They said, “It will have been snowing since morning.”	They said that it would have been snowing since morning.

Assertive Sentences

Those sentences, which make a statement, are called assertive sentences. These sentences may be positive, negative, false or true statements. To convert such like sentences into indirect narration, use the rules as mentioned above except SAID is sometimes replaced with TOLD. Look at the following examples:

Direct Speech: She says, “I am writing a letter to my brother.”

Indirect Speech: She says that she is writing a letter to her brother.

Direct Speech: She says, “I was not writing a letter to my brother.”

Indirect Speech: She says that she was not writing a letter to her brother.

Direct Speech: She said to me, “I am writing a letter to my brother.”

Indirect Speech: She told me that she was writing a letter to her brother.

Imperative Sentences

Imperative sentences are those sentences, which give an order or a direct command. These sentences may be in the shape of advice, entreaty, request, or order. Mostly, it depends upon the forcefulness of the speaker. Thus, full stop or sign of exclamation is used at the end of the sentence. For example:

·         Shut the door!

·         Please shut the door.

·         Repair the door by tomorrow!

To convert such like sentences into indirect speech, follow the following rules along with the above-mentioned rules:

·         Reporting Verb is changed according to Reported Speech into ORDER in case the sentence gives a direct command. For example:

Direct Speech: The teacher said to me, “Shut the door.”

Indirect Speech: The teacher ordered me to shut the door.

·         Reporting Verb is changed according to Reported Speech into REQUEST in case the sentence makes a request. For example:

Direct Speech: He said to me, “Shut the door.”

Indirect Speech: He requested me to shut the door.

·         Reporting Verb is changed according to Reported Speech into ADVISE in case the sentence gives an advice. For example:

Direct Speech: He said to me, “You should work hard to pass the exam.”

Indirect Speech: He advised me that I should work hard to pass the exam.

·         Reporting Verb is changed according to Reported Speech into FORBADE in case the sentence prevents someone from doing something. For example:

Direct Speech: He said to me, “Not to smoke.”

Indirect Speech: He forbade me to smoke.

Examples

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
We said to him, “Mind your own business.”	We urged him to mind his own business.
She said to him, “Consult a doctor.”	She suggested him to consult a doctor.
He said to me, “Write it again.”	He asked me to write it again.
You said to your father, “Please grant him leave for some time.”	You requested your father to grant him leave for some time.
My mother said to me, “Never tell a lie.”	My mother forbade me to tell a lie.

Interrogative Sentences

Those sentences, which ask questions, are called interrogative sentences. Every interrogative sentence ends at a sign of interrogation. For example:

·         Do you live here?

·         Have you ever watched Terminator III movie?

·         Is it raining?

To convert interrogative sentences into Indirect Speech, follow the following rules along with the above-mentioned rules:

·         Reporting Verb SAID To is changed into ASKED.

·         If Reporting Speech is having Reporting Verb at it its start, then IF is used in place of THAT.

·         If the Reporting Speech is having interrogative words like who, when, how, why, when then neither IF is used nor any other word is added.

·         Full Stop is placed at the end of the sentence instead of mark of interrogation.

Examples:

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
I said to her, “When do you do your homework?”	I asked her when she did her homework.
We said to him, “Are you ill?”	We asked him if he was ill.
You said to me, “Have you read the article?”	You asked me if I had read the article.
He said to her, “Will you go to the Peshawar Radio Station?”	He asked her if she would go to the Peshawar Radio Station.
She says, “Who is he?”	She says who he was.
Rashid says to me, “Why have you got late?”	Rashid says to me why I had got late.

Exclamatory Sentences

Those sentences, which express our feelings and emotions, are called exclamatory sentences. Mark of exclamation is used at the end of exclamatory sentence. For example:

·         Hurray! We have won the match.

·         Alas! He failed in the test.

·         How beautiful that dog is!

·         What a marvelous personality you are!

To change exclamatory sentences into Indirect Speech, follow the following rules along with the above-mentioned rules:

·         In case, there is an interjection i.e., alas, aha, hurray, aha etc in the Reported Speech, then they are omitted along with sign of exclamation.

·         Reporting verb i.e., said is always replaced with exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, exclaimed joyfully, exclaimed sorrowfully or exclaimed with great wonder or sorrow.

·         In case, there is what or how at the beginning of the Reported Speech, then they are replaced with very or very great.

·         In indirect sentence, the exclamatory sentence becomes an assertive sentence.

Examples

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He said, “Hurray! I have won the match.”	He exclaimed with great joy that he had won the match.
She said, “Alas! My brother failed in the test.”	She exclaimed with great sorrow that her brother had failed in the test.
They said, “What a beautiful house this is!”	They exclaimed that that that house was very beautiful.
I said, “How lucky I am!”	I said in great wonder that I was very lucky.
You said to him, “What a beautiful drama you writing!	You said to him in great wonder that he was writing a beautiful drama.

Optative Sentences

Those sentences, which express hope, prayer, or wish, are called optative sentences. Usually, there is a mark of exclamation at the end of optative sentence. For example:

·         May you succeed in the test!

·         May you get well soon!

·         Would that I were rich!

To change optative sentences into indirect speech, follow the following rules along with the above-mentioned rules:

·         In case, the Reported Speech starts with the word may, then the Reporting Verb said is replaced with the word prayed.

·         In case, the Reported Speech starts with the word would, then the Reporting Verb said is replaced with the word wished.

·         May is changed in might.

·         Mark of exclamation is omitted.

·         In Indirect Speech, the optative sentences become assertive sentences.

Examples

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He said to me, “May you live long!”	He prayed that I might live long.
My mother said to me, “May you succeed in the test!”	My mother prayed that I might succeed in the test.
She said, “Would that I were rich!”	She wished she had been rich.
I said to him, “Would that you were here on Sunday!”	I wished he had been there on Sunday.
You said to me, “ May you find your lost camera.”	You prayed that I might find my lost camera.